Page 47 - Hojnik, Jana. 2017. In Persuit of Eco-innovation. Drivers and Consequences of Eco-innovation at Firm Level. Koper: University of Primorska Press

Eco-innovation 47

motion of eco-innovation. Therefore, Arundel and Kemp (2009) summa-
rized the following measures of eco-innovation:
- Input measures: research and development (R&D) expenditures,

innovation expenditures (inclusion of investment in intangibles,
such as design expenditure, software and marketing costs) and
R&D personnel (Acs and Audretsch 1993, 10 in Arundel and
Kemp 2009, 15);
- Intermediate output measures: the number of patents (regarding
eco-innovation – patents covering eco-inventions), number and
types of scientific publications, etc. (Acs and Audretsch 1993, 10
in Arundel and Kemp 2009, 15);
- Direct output measures: number of innovations, individu-
al description of innovation, data on sales of new products etc.
(Acs and Audretsch 1993, 10 in Arundel and Kemp 2009, 15);
- Indirect impact measures derived from aggregate data: chan-
ges in resource efficiency and productivity using decomposition
analysis (Arundel and Kemp 2009, 15).
In the following pages, we depict types of eco-innovation and mea-
sures used in prior research (Table 4). We focused only on rese-
arch works that have explored in their research at least two types
of eco-innovation.