Page 14 - S. Ličen, I. Karnjuš, & M. Prosen (Eds.). (2019). Women, migrations and health: Ensuring transcultural healthcare. Koper, University of Primorska Press.
P. 14
men Medica
affect their security, livelihood or habitat (Women and International Migra-
tion, 2018).
The comparison of migrants, especially female migrants as workforce or
‘non-free workers,’ over time also seems appropriate to Stephen Castles for
the following reasons: Migrants as a rule have limited access to health and
economic rights, as well as work contracts. They are also frequently excluded
from certain professions, senior positions and functions, and have problems
when acquiring work permits as they are specific to a single employer, for
which reason female (and male) migrant workers generally cannot seek em-
ployment with another employer, ultimately leaving some with no alterna-
tive but to return to their home countries (Castels, 2006; Papastdergiadis,
2000; Tapinos, 1999).
About New Research Approaches: ‘Where Are You from?/
Where Are You at?’
Contemporary migration and integration processes necessitate new re-
search approaches that strive to find answers to the questions: ‘Where are
you from? vs. Where are you at?’
Zimmermann, Gataullina, and Constant (2018) used the so-called ethno-
sizer (a means of measuring ethnic identity) in a study on ethnic identity
and ethnic belonging. The ethnosizer, a measure of the intensity of a per-
son’s ethnic identity, is constructed from information on these elements: lan-
guage, culture, societal interaction, history of migration, sex, and ethnic self-
identification. The two-dimensional concept of the ethnosizer classifies im-
migrants in four states: integration, assimilation, separation and marginali-
sation. Based on individual characteristics – such as language, culture, social
interaction, the time of immigration and ethnic self-identification – they de-
termined levels of the four mentioned states.
The general characteristics of the intensity of ethnic identity among the
immigrant group show the following. The researchers find a few general
characteristics; namely: ethnic identity is stronger for females, those who
were schooled in the home country, and who were older age at the time
of entry; young migrants are assimilated or integrated the most; Catholics
and other Christians integrate and assimilate faster than other religion; immi-
grants with a college or higher education in the home country integrate very
well, but do not assimilate; having some schooling is worse than no educa-
tion for integration or assimilation; those with a tertiary education integrate
more easily, but do not assimilate; those with an elementary education in-
tegrate and assimilate more slowly than those without any education; there
12
affect their security, livelihood or habitat (Women and International Migra-
tion, 2018).
The comparison of migrants, especially female migrants as workforce or
‘non-free workers,’ over time also seems appropriate to Stephen Castles for
the following reasons: Migrants as a rule have limited access to health and
economic rights, as well as work contracts. They are also frequently excluded
from certain professions, senior positions and functions, and have problems
when acquiring work permits as they are specific to a single employer, for
which reason female (and male) migrant workers generally cannot seek em-
ployment with another employer, ultimately leaving some with no alterna-
tive but to return to their home countries (Castels, 2006; Papastdergiadis,
2000; Tapinos, 1999).
About New Research Approaches: ‘Where Are You from?/
Where Are You at?’
Contemporary migration and integration processes necessitate new re-
search approaches that strive to find answers to the questions: ‘Where are
you from? vs. Where are you at?’
Zimmermann, Gataullina, and Constant (2018) used the so-called ethno-
sizer (a means of measuring ethnic identity) in a study on ethnic identity
and ethnic belonging. The ethnosizer, a measure of the intensity of a per-
son’s ethnic identity, is constructed from information on these elements: lan-
guage, culture, societal interaction, history of migration, sex, and ethnic self-
identification. The two-dimensional concept of the ethnosizer classifies im-
migrants in four states: integration, assimilation, separation and marginali-
sation. Based on individual characteristics – such as language, culture, social
interaction, the time of immigration and ethnic self-identification – they de-
termined levels of the four mentioned states.
The general characteristics of the intensity of ethnic identity among the
immigrant group show the following. The researchers find a few general
characteristics; namely: ethnic identity is stronger for females, those who
were schooled in the home country, and who were older age at the time
of entry; young migrants are assimilated or integrated the most; Catholics
and other Christians integrate and assimilate faster than other religion; immi-
grants with a college or higher education in the home country integrate very
well, but do not assimilate; having some schooling is worse than no educa-
tion for integration or assimilation; those with a tertiary education integrate
more easily, but do not assimilate; those with an elementary education in-
tegrate and assimilate more slowly than those without any education; there
12
