Page 227 - Weiss, Jernej, ur./ed. 2023. Glasbena društva v dolgem 19. stoletju: med ljubiteljsko in profesionalno kulturo ▪︎ Music societies in the long 19th century: Between amateur and professional culture. Koper/Ljubljana: Založba Univerze na Primorskem in Festival Ljubljana. Studia musicologica Labacensia, 6
P. 227
the foundation of a free state is a free (music) association? continuity and change ...
dependence and self-governance, endeavour for a common and non-prof-
it purpose.
In addition to the liberal change with regards to association’s consti-
tution, it is the latter element, its non-profitability, that represented a ma-
jor departing from the previous situation according to the 1852 Act. With-
out going to any complex analysis of the past development for the shortage
of space available, it is important to understand that it is only with the 1867
Act, Article 2, that from the old umbrella-concept of ‘association’ under
very familiar variations of names already enumerated above (Verein, Ges
selschaft; družba, društvo; Associazione, Società), the organisations pursu-
ing pecuniary, were expressly left out.29 According to the Article 3, the same
went for religious institutions and congregations.30 The comprehending of
this legal-historic fact has a crucial bearing on our understanding or indeed
conceptualising of pre-1848 continuities of different organisational forms,
carrying one of the above names to post-1867 realities and up to the pres-
ent times. In the scientific literature on associations, there exist a certain
temptation not only to look for similar forms of organisation as far back
as possible, especially to Roman times (collegia), but also for their – at least
implicitly alluded – continuity.31 A certain degree of prudency in such hy-
pothesising over immense time spans and territories is certainly the best
policy, not only in a search of continuities, but also in search for legal trans-
plants, touching here on the phenomenon of the received Roman law on the
Continent. As comparisons in basic traits of researched phenomenon are
always far more reliable as mere similarities in names, there can hardly be,
even as an association’s founder and/or financial supporter, certainly also as a soloist
performer. In the Statutes after 1848, a standard reference to a member of an associa-
tion was termed a person of person of both sexes. Cf. for example the Statutes of Phil-
harmonic Society from 1849 or 1852 (“ohne Unterschied des Standes und Geschlech
tes”) with those from 1801 (“… Frauenzimmer jedoch machen hier eine Ausnahme,
indem nur Musikdiletattantinen, die den Zweck der Gesellschaft befördern, als Mit
gliedern Aufgenommen werden können …”).
29 Article 2: “Vereine und Gesellschaften, welche auf Gewinn berechnet sind, dann alle
Vereine für Bank-, Credit- und Versicherungsgeschäfte, sowie Rentenanstalten, Spar
cassen und Pfandleihanstalten sind von der Wirksamkeit dieses Gesetzes ausgenom
men und unterliegen den besonderen, hierauf bezüglichen Gesetzen.” Cf. Freund,
Vereins- und Versammlungsgesetz, 21–2. Cf. for example, AT-OeStA/AVA, Inneres
Mdl Allgemein A187.2 Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft, Krain.
30 Freund, Vereins- und Versammlungsgesetz, 22–4.
31 Cf. Manfred König, “Die Rechtsentwicklung des Vereinswesens in Österreich,” in
Ehrenamt und Leidenschaft. Vereine als gesellschaftliche Faktoren, Salzburger Be-
iträge zur Volkskunde Bd. 12, ed. Ulrike Kammerhofer-Aggermann (Salzburg: Das
Landesinstitut, 2002), 59–64.
225
dependence and self-governance, endeavour for a common and non-prof-
it purpose.
In addition to the liberal change with regards to association’s consti-
tution, it is the latter element, its non-profitability, that represented a ma-
jor departing from the previous situation according to the 1852 Act. With-
out going to any complex analysis of the past development for the shortage
of space available, it is important to understand that it is only with the 1867
Act, Article 2, that from the old umbrella-concept of ‘association’ under
very familiar variations of names already enumerated above (Verein, Ges
selschaft; družba, društvo; Associazione, Società), the organisations pursu-
ing pecuniary, were expressly left out.29 According to the Article 3, the same
went for religious institutions and congregations.30 The comprehending of
this legal-historic fact has a crucial bearing on our understanding or indeed
conceptualising of pre-1848 continuities of different organisational forms,
carrying one of the above names to post-1867 realities and up to the pres-
ent times. In the scientific literature on associations, there exist a certain
temptation not only to look for similar forms of organisation as far back
as possible, especially to Roman times (collegia), but also for their – at least
implicitly alluded – continuity.31 A certain degree of prudency in such hy-
pothesising over immense time spans and territories is certainly the best
policy, not only in a search of continuities, but also in search for legal trans-
plants, touching here on the phenomenon of the received Roman law on the
Continent. As comparisons in basic traits of researched phenomenon are
always far more reliable as mere similarities in names, there can hardly be,
even as an association’s founder and/or financial supporter, certainly also as a soloist
performer. In the Statutes after 1848, a standard reference to a member of an associa-
tion was termed a person of person of both sexes. Cf. for example the Statutes of Phil-
harmonic Society from 1849 or 1852 (“ohne Unterschied des Standes und Geschlech
tes”) with those from 1801 (“… Frauenzimmer jedoch machen hier eine Ausnahme,
indem nur Musikdiletattantinen, die den Zweck der Gesellschaft befördern, als Mit
gliedern Aufgenommen werden können …”).
29 Article 2: “Vereine und Gesellschaften, welche auf Gewinn berechnet sind, dann alle
Vereine für Bank-, Credit- und Versicherungsgeschäfte, sowie Rentenanstalten, Spar
cassen und Pfandleihanstalten sind von der Wirksamkeit dieses Gesetzes ausgenom
men und unterliegen den besonderen, hierauf bezüglichen Gesetzen.” Cf. Freund,
Vereins- und Versammlungsgesetz, 21–2. Cf. for example, AT-OeStA/AVA, Inneres
Mdl Allgemein A187.2 Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft, Krain.
30 Freund, Vereins- und Versammlungsgesetz, 22–4.
31 Cf. Manfred König, “Die Rechtsentwicklung des Vereinswesens in Österreich,” in
Ehrenamt und Leidenschaft. Vereine als gesellschaftliche Faktoren, Salzburger Be-
iträge zur Volkskunde Bd. 12, ed. Ulrike Kammerhofer-Aggermann (Salzburg: Das
Landesinstitut, 2002), 59–64.
225
