Page 11 - Petelin, Ana, and Šarabon, Nejc. 2018. Eds. Zdravje starostnikov / Health of the Elderly. Znanstvena monografija / Proceedings. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 11
ults
Nutrition in the elderly
Dietary recommendations dictate the energy input of nutrients in a balance
with energy consumption. Ingestion of nutrients should be in the appropriate
ratio and quantity, arranged in several daily meals (NIJZ, 2016). The amount of
fat consumed should not exceed 30 % of total energy intake, and unsaturated
fatty acids must prevail (Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition, 2010). Trans
fatty acids must be avoided, with a maximum of 1 % (Nishida and Uauy, 2009)
and cholesterol, the limit value of which is 300 mg / day (NIJZ, 2016). The in-
take of simple sugars is limited to less than 10 % of the total energy intake of
carbohydrates, which is 50-70 % (WHO, 2015). The recommended daily intake
of dietary fiber is at least 30 g (NIJZ, 2016). The need for protein in adults is ap-
proximately 0.8 g / kg bodyweight / day, which is 15 to 20 % of the daily ener-
gy needs (WHO, 2015). Bauer et al. (2013) found that greater protein intake (1-
1,2 g / kg body weight) is needed for older (> 65 years), for maintaining good nutrition disorders in the elderly living period 11
health, for recovery after illness and maintenance of functionality, while Vol-
pi et al. (2013) recommend even higher daily protein intake of 1.2 to 2.0 g / kg of
body weight. Baum et al. (2016) note that the ingestion of easily digestible pro-
teins with a very high proportion of essential amino acids reduces the need for
a diet with very high protein intake. Metabolic age changes affect the needs for
micro-nutrients, therefore it is necessary to provide an adequate amount of vi-
Staommiensau(Dth,oBrs12,nBo6t,eEthaendimCp)oarntadncmeinofersaulfsfi(cCieanlct iiunmta,kIeroonf ,vZitianmc)in(NBI1J2Z , 2016).
for the
prevention of cognitive disorders or the slowing down of Alzheimer‘s dementia
(Moore et al., 2012; OHTAC, 2013). A distinguished Slovenian food expert dr.
Dražigost Pokorn writes that the energy needs of the elderly are lower due to
reduced metabolism and lower body activity, after the age of 85, due to oxida-
tive stress, protein synthesis (Pokorn, 2003) is complicated, as is confirmed by
recent studies (Cerović et al., 2008; Gabrijelčič Blenkuš et al., 2010; NIJZ, 2016).
With age, the hormonal activity of the gastrointestinal system changes, peri-
stalsis, nutrient absorption and digestive enzymes are reduced, which affects
digestion, nutrient utilization and appetite reduction (Hlastan Ribič, 2008),
therefore it is important to take nutrition recommendations into account and
raise awareness among the elderly about the proper dietary regime.
Nutrition and metabolic disorders
Sorensen and others (2012) state that in Denmark malnutrition affects about
one-third of patients in the hospital. The Australian study shows that 40 % of
elderly people living in community-dwelling homes are malnurished, in hos-
pitalized elderly people is a low percentage of malnourished or endangered be-
tween 30 and 60 (Demeny et al., 2015), while Heersink and others (2010) indi-
cate an even 72 % of undernourished in hospital care (in the UK). The study,
which was conducted in 211 Turkish homes for the elderly, found 33.6 % of the
Nutrition in the elderly
Dietary recommendations dictate the energy input of nutrients in a balance
with energy consumption. Ingestion of nutrients should be in the appropriate
ratio and quantity, arranged in several daily meals (NIJZ, 2016). The amount of
fat consumed should not exceed 30 % of total energy intake, and unsaturated
fatty acids must prevail (Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition, 2010). Trans
fatty acids must be avoided, with a maximum of 1 % (Nishida and Uauy, 2009)
and cholesterol, the limit value of which is 300 mg / day (NIJZ, 2016). The in-
take of simple sugars is limited to less than 10 % of the total energy intake of
carbohydrates, which is 50-70 % (WHO, 2015). The recommended daily intake
of dietary fiber is at least 30 g (NIJZ, 2016). The need for protein in adults is ap-
proximately 0.8 g / kg bodyweight / day, which is 15 to 20 % of the daily ener-
gy needs (WHO, 2015). Bauer et al. (2013) found that greater protein intake (1-
1,2 g / kg body weight) is needed for older (> 65 years), for maintaining good nutrition disorders in the elderly living period 11
health, for recovery after illness and maintenance of functionality, while Vol-
pi et al. (2013) recommend even higher daily protein intake of 1.2 to 2.0 g / kg of
body weight. Baum et al. (2016) note that the ingestion of easily digestible pro-
teins with a very high proportion of essential amino acids reduces the need for
a diet with very high protein intake. Metabolic age changes affect the needs for
micro-nutrients, therefore it is necessary to provide an adequate amount of vi-
Staommiensau(Dth,oBrs12,nBo6t,eEthaendimCp)oarntadncmeinofersaulfsfi(cCieanlct iiunmta,kIeroonf ,vZitianmc)in(NBI1J2Z , 2016).
for the
prevention of cognitive disorders or the slowing down of Alzheimer‘s dementia
(Moore et al., 2012; OHTAC, 2013). A distinguished Slovenian food expert dr.
Dražigost Pokorn writes that the energy needs of the elderly are lower due to
reduced metabolism and lower body activity, after the age of 85, due to oxida-
tive stress, protein synthesis (Pokorn, 2003) is complicated, as is confirmed by
recent studies (Cerović et al., 2008; Gabrijelčič Blenkuš et al., 2010; NIJZ, 2016).
With age, the hormonal activity of the gastrointestinal system changes, peri-
stalsis, nutrient absorption and digestive enzymes are reduced, which affects
digestion, nutrient utilization and appetite reduction (Hlastan Ribič, 2008),
therefore it is important to take nutrition recommendations into account and
raise awareness among the elderly about the proper dietary regime.
Nutrition and metabolic disorders
Sorensen and others (2012) state that in Denmark malnutrition affects about
one-third of patients in the hospital. The Australian study shows that 40 % of
elderly people living in community-dwelling homes are malnurished, in hos-
pitalized elderly people is a low percentage of malnourished or endangered be-
tween 30 and 60 (Demeny et al., 2015), while Heersink and others (2010) indi-
cate an even 72 % of undernourished in hospital care (in the UK). The study,
which was conducted in 211 Turkish homes for the elderly, found 33.6 % of the
