Page 32 - Petelin, Ana, and Šarabon, Nejc. 2018. Eds. Zdravje starostnikov / Health of the Elderly. Znanstvena monografija / Proceedings. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 32
avje starostnikov | health of the elderly 32 outcomes (WHO, 2017). Phenotypic definition of frailty is the most common.
Muscle and bone, which gives muscle its support, are in the centre of pheno-
typic frailty. One of the key determinants of body mass, muscular mass and
body composition is the dietary and metabolic state of an individual. An indi-
vidual can be influenced by the quality and quantity of consumed food and rel-
ative and absolute energy intake, macro and micro nutrients influence an indi-
vidual’s condition. Frailty, in terms of clinical dietary and metabolic status of
an individual, includes components that are linked to malnourishment (Lan-
di et al., 2015). Even without malnutrition, elderly are prone to lose lean body
mass and thus frailty because of decreased physical activity (Elmadfa & Mey-
er, 2008) and age associated sarcopenia. Weight loss in elderly is associated
with increased risk for hip fracture and weight gain with decreased risk for hip
fracture with consistent dose response for weight gain and weight loss and ir-
respective of current weight or intention to lose weight (Ensrud et al., 2003; Lv
et al., 2015).Based on current evidence, dietary protein caloric intake, protein
quality, as well as the vitamin D status of older individuals should be checked
by clinicians and/or dieticians and individual prescription of nutritional sup-
plements should be considered (Beaudart et al., 2016).
Based on current evidence, dietary protein caloric intake, protein quality,
as well as the vitamin D status of older individuals should be checked by clini-
cians and/or dieticians and individual prescription of nutritional supplements
should be considered (Beaudart et al., 2016).
Stable body mass or slight increase of body mass with age is desired. Stud-
ies confirm that increased body weight contributes to a lower mortality in per-
sons aged 65 and older (Flegal, Kit, Orpana, & Graubard, 2013). With age we
lose muscle mass and gain fat tissue (Elmadfa & Meyer, 2008). Men with con-
stantly normal weight over the life course have a good prognosis in late life.
Men who are either constantly overweight or who changed from overweight
in midlife to normal weight in late life have a poorer prognosis and more frail-
ty and disability in late life. Findings support the view that a healthy lifestyle,
including weight control, should be maintained throughout life (Strandberg et
al., 2013).
Reduced physical functioning is the most dominant sign of frailty (Fried
et al., 2001). The ageing associated loss of muscle mass seems to be one of the
major causes for reduced physical abilities in older age and consequently dis-
ability and frailty (Roubenoff 2000). There is abundant evidence from prospec-
tive and clinical studies that physical activity not only delays but also prevents
or reverses frailty. For instance, a recent observational study (Rogers et al.,
2017) showed that physical activity might attenuate frailty. Mild physical activ-
ity was insufficient to significantly slow down the progression of frailty, mod-
erate physical activity reduced the progression of frailty in some age groups
(particularly ages 65 and above) and vigorous activity significantly reduced the
trajectory of frailty progression in all older adults.
Muscle and bone, which gives muscle its support, are in the centre of pheno-
typic frailty. One of the key determinants of body mass, muscular mass and
body composition is the dietary and metabolic state of an individual. An indi-
vidual can be influenced by the quality and quantity of consumed food and rel-
ative and absolute energy intake, macro and micro nutrients influence an indi-
vidual’s condition. Frailty, in terms of clinical dietary and metabolic status of
an individual, includes components that are linked to malnourishment (Lan-
di et al., 2015). Even without malnutrition, elderly are prone to lose lean body
mass and thus frailty because of decreased physical activity (Elmadfa & Mey-
er, 2008) and age associated sarcopenia. Weight loss in elderly is associated
with increased risk for hip fracture and weight gain with decreased risk for hip
fracture with consistent dose response for weight gain and weight loss and ir-
respective of current weight or intention to lose weight (Ensrud et al., 2003; Lv
et al., 2015).Based on current evidence, dietary protein caloric intake, protein
quality, as well as the vitamin D status of older individuals should be checked
by clinicians and/or dieticians and individual prescription of nutritional sup-
plements should be considered (Beaudart et al., 2016).
Based on current evidence, dietary protein caloric intake, protein quality,
as well as the vitamin D status of older individuals should be checked by clini-
cians and/or dieticians and individual prescription of nutritional supplements
should be considered (Beaudart et al., 2016).
Stable body mass or slight increase of body mass with age is desired. Stud-
ies confirm that increased body weight contributes to a lower mortality in per-
sons aged 65 and older (Flegal, Kit, Orpana, & Graubard, 2013). With age we
lose muscle mass and gain fat tissue (Elmadfa & Meyer, 2008). Men with con-
stantly normal weight over the life course have a good prognosis in late life.
Men who are either constantly overweight or who changed from overweight
in midlife to normal weight in late life have a poorer prognosis and more frail-
ty and disability in late life. Findings support the view that a healthy lifestyle,
including weight control, should be maintained throughout life (Strandberg et
al., 2013).
Reduced physical functioning is the most dominant sign of frailty (Fried
et al., 2001). The ageing associated loss of muscle mass seems to be one of the
major causes for reduced physical abilities in older age and consequently dis-
ability and frailty (Roubenoff 2000). There is abundant evidence from prospec-
tive and clinical studies that physical activity not only delays but also prevents
or reverses frailty. For instance, a recent observational study (Rogers et al.,
2017) showed that physical activity might attenuate frailty. Mild physical activ-
ity was insufficient to significantly slow down the progression of frailty, mod-
erate physical activity reduced the progression of frailty in some age groups
(particularly ages 65 and above) and vigorous activity significantly reduced the
trajectory of frailty progression in all older adults.
