Page 34 - Petelin, Ana, and Šarabon, Nejc. 2018. Eds. Zdravje starostnikov / Health of the Elderly. Znanstvena monografija / Proceedings. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 34
avje starostnikov | health of the elderly 34 uments were identified by means of an opportunistic search, meaning a target-
ed or focused one, based on the information that each partner in the project
Consortium was able to find regarding their own country (Spain, Austria, Bel-
gium, Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slo-
venia and United Kingdom). The term grey literature was used to describe in-
formation which is not published commercially or is otherwise hard to find in-
cluding government reports, non-governmental organizations (NGO) reports,
theses, technical reports, white papers, etc. From initial 39885 search results on
Nutrition 28 papers were selected and from 6200043 search results on Physical
activity 25 papers were selected for review.
Results
Nutrition
Malnutrition or being at risk for malnutrition increases the risk of frailty and
its consequences (Clegg et al., 2013; Ensrud et al., 2003; Goisser et al., 2016;
Strandberg et al., 2013; White et al., 2012). Prevalence of malnutrition depends
on the setting and criteria used and ranges from 2 % to 60 % (Elmadfa & Meyer,
2008; Guigoz, 2006; Kaiser et al., 2010; White et al., 2012). In the sample from
24 studies from 12 countries, prevalence of malnutrition was 50.5 %, 38.7 %, 13.8
% and 5.8 % in rehabilitation, hospital, nursing home and community, respec-
tively (Kaiser et al., 2010). The combined prevalence of being at risk for malnu-
trition was 46.2 % with 41.2 %, 47.3 %, 53.4 % and 31.9 % in rehabilitation, hospi-
tal, nursing home and community, respectively (Kaiser et al., 2010).
With regard to the importance to recognize malnutrition and risk of
malnutrition, the Mini nutritional assessment (MNA) is a well validated tool
with acceptable sensitivity/specificity to be used for screening and assessment
(Guigoz, 2006).
Older people with higher protein intake lose lean body mass slower,
lose less when losing weight and increase muscle mass more if they increase
weight (Houston et al., 2008). When high protein intake (1.3 g/kg) is com-
bined with regular exercise, adults and elderly can lose weight and still in-
crease their net muscle mass (Verreijen et al., 2017). Although higher protein
intake increases total and not femoral neck bone mineral density (Daw-
son-Hughes & Harris, 2002) it still significantly decreases risk of hip frac-
ture (Wu et al., 2015).
Vitamin D insufficiency (<50nmol/l) is significantly associated with
frailty in men, but not in women (Shardell et al., 2009). The Mediterranean
diet is associated with lower risk of frailty (Goisser et al., 2016). Supplemen-
tation of vitamin D improves muscle strength particularly in people aged 65
and older and in those with 25-OH vitamin D level below 30 nmol/l (Beau-
dart et al., 2014).
ed or focused one, based on the information that each partner in the project
Consortium was able to find regarding their own country (Spain, Austria, Bel-
gium, Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slo-
venia and United Kingdom). The term grey literature was used to describe in-
formation which is not published commercially or is otherwise hard to find in-
cluding government reports, non-governmental organizations (NGO) reports,
theses, technical reports, white papers, etc. From initial 39885 search results on
Nutrition 28 papers were selected and from 6200043 search results on Physical
activity 25 papers were selected for review.
Results
Nutrition
Malnutrition or being at risk for malnutrition increases the risk of frailty and
its consequences (Clegg et al., 2013; Ensrud et al., 2003; Goisser et al., 2016;
Strandberg et al., 2013; White et al., 2012). Prevalence of malnutrition depends
on the setting and criteria used and ranges from 2 % to 60 % (Elmadfa & Meyer,
2008; Guigoz, 2006; Kaiser et al., 2010; White et al., 2012). In the sample from
24 studies from 12 countries, prevalence of malnutrition was 50.5 %, 38.7 %, 13.8
% and 5.8 % in rehabilitation, hospital, nursing home and community, respec-
tively (Kaiser et al., 2010). The combined prevalence of being at risk for malnu-
trition was 46.2 % with 41.2 %, 47.3 %, 53.4 % and 31.9 % in rehabilitation, hospi-
tal, nursing home and community, respectively (Kaiser et al., 2010).
With regard to the importance to recognize malnutrition and risk of
malnutrition, the Mini nutritional assessment (MNA) is a well validated tool
with acceptable sensitivity/specificity to be used for screening and assessment
(Guigoz, 2006).
Older people with higher protein intake lose lean body mass slower,
lose less when losing weight and increase muscle mass more if they increase
weight (Houston et al., 2008). When high protein intake (1.3 g/kg) is com-
bined with regular exercise, adults and elderly can lose weight and still in-
crease their net muscle mass (Verreijen et al., 2017). Although higher protein
intake increases total and not femoral neck bone mineral density (Daw-
son-Hughes & Harris, 2002) it still significantly decreases risk of hip frac-
ture (Wu et al., 2015).
Vitamin D insufficiency (<50nmol/l) is significantly associated with
frailty in men, but not in women (Shardell et al., 2009). The Mediterranean
diet is associated with lower risk of frailty (Goisser et al., 2016). Supplemen-
tation of vitamin D improves muscle strength particularly in people aged 65
and older and in those with 25-OH vitamin D level below 30 nmol/l (Beau-
dart et al., 2014).
