Page 27 - Pelc, Stanko, ed., 2015. Spatial, social and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context. Koper, University of Primorska Press.
P. 27
ategies to the new democratic setup within Bhutan and changing 2015 conference of igu commission 25
global context. In the present sample, about 39.8 per cent families
are yak herders followed by 18.3 per cent engaged in agriculture and
15.4 per cent in weaving. Drukor or brukor which roughly means
moving around for grains to exchange with their dairy products
during winter is still their economic necessity. Occupational change
is very minimal for the Brokpas being recorded only 4.72 percent
from 1999 to 2010 (as compared with the first study conducted by
the author in 1999 with the present sample survey of 2010). For the
Brokpas cattle rearing seem to be still perceived and favoured as
the best occupation.
Marginalization of tea estates in Sri Lanka
in the changing global and national context
Dr. Daichi Kohmoto
Nara University of Education
Takabatake-cho, Nara, Japan
daichizu@gmail.com
Plantation estate, Developing country, Sri Lanka, Organic farming,
Estate worker, Land management
The Sri Lankan tea industry, particularly the plantation sector, is
burdened with structural problems for sustainability. Tea produc-
tion is growing around the world as a result of improvements in
land productivity. Global consumption is also on the rise, primarily
in developing countries. Consumption in advanced countries, how-
ever, is declining and this has caused a prolonged decline in global
tea prices. Sri Lanka, the world's largest exporter, has continued to
produce tea, primarily on plantations that were built during the co-
lonial era. However, government policies of 1977 that introduced
market economy models of economic diversification have had the
effect of reducing the country's social and economic reliance on
tea. Meanwhile, the nationalization of plantations implemented be-
tween 1972 and 1992 considerably reduced the international com-
petitiveness of Sri Lankan tea. While production has been growing
since the 1990s in the southern lowlands where small holdings pre-
dominate, plantations in mountainous and hilly regions still feel the
effect of reduced international competitiveness which results in tea
global context. In the present sample, about 39.8 per cent families
are yak herders followed by 18.3 per cent engaged in agriculture and
15.4 per cent in weaving. Drukor or brukor which roughly means
moving around for grains to exchange with their dairy products
during winter is still their economic necessity. Occupational change
is very minimal for the Brokpas being recorded only 4.72 percent
from 1999 to 2010 (as compared with the first study conducted by
the author in 1999 with the present sample survey of 2010). For the
Brokpas cattle rearing seem to be still perceived and favoured as
the best occupation.
Marginalization of tea estates in Sri Lanka
in the changing global and national context
Dr. Daichi Kohmoto
Nara University of Education
Takabatake-cho, Nara, Japan
daichizu@gmail.com
Plantation estate, Developing country, Sri Lanka, Organic farming,
Estate worker, Land management
The Sri Lankan tea industry, particularly the plantation sector, is
burdened with structural problems for sustainability. Tea produc-
tion is growing around the world as a result of improvements in
land productivity. Global consumption is also on the rise, primarily
in developing countries. Consumption in advanced countries, how-
ever, is declining and this has caused a prolonged decline in global
tea prices. Sri Lanka, the world's largest exporter, has continued to
produce tea, primarily on plantations that were built during the co-
lonial era. However, government policies of 1977 that introduced
market economy models of economic diversification have had the
effect of reducing the country's social and economic reliance on
tea. Meanwhile, the nationalization of plantations implemented be-
tween 1972 and 1992 considerably reduced the international com-
petitiveness of Sri Lankan tea. While production has been growing
since the 1990s in the southern lowlands where small holdings pre-
dominate, plantations in mountainous and hilly regions still feel the
effect of reduced international competitiveness which results in tea
