Page 21 - Sember, Vedrana, and Shawnda A. Morrison. 2018. The Mind-Body Connection. Koper: University of Primorska Press.
P. 21
Health Effects
twice as in the control group and volumetric bone mineral density
increased by 1.14 + 0.33% per month (p < 0.05) (Bradney et al., 1998).
Physical activity, especially weight-bearing physical activity dur-
ing childhood is a significant predictor of bone mineral density,
while non-weight-bearing activity, such as swimming or cycling
is not (Grimston, Willows, & Hanley, 1993). Longitudinal and in-
terventional studies have shown that increased physical activity in
prepubertal children stimulates bone mineral accrual (Bailey et al.,
1999; McKay et al., 2000; Fuchs, Bauer, & Snow, 2001). Overall, phys-
ical activity is the stimulus for bone structure and has potential to
increase peak bone mass notwithstanding genetics, hormonal and
nutritional influences (Boreham & Riddoch, 2001).
Depression
Evidence from studies demonstrates that physical activity in adults
is inversely associated with depression (North, McCullagh, & Tran,
1990). Kanner (1990) compared the effects of two levels of exer-
cise in childhood and adolescence depression. Subjects were chil-
dren and adolescents (n = 68) between age 8 and 18 from Psychi-
atric Treatment Center in California. Children were randomly di-
vided into two groups; high-level exercise treatment and low ex-
ercise treatment. Both groups demonstrated a better reduction in
depression compared to pre-test but no statistically significant dif-
ferences between groups in depression outcome score. McPhie and
Rawana (2015) examined the influence of physical activity on a tra-
jectory of depression from adolescence through adulthood. They
reported lower levels of depression during mid-adolescence in ad-
olescents with engaging in higher levels of physical activity. Biddle
and Asate (2011) synthesized reviews investigating physical activ-
ity and depression, anxiety, self-esteem and cognitive functioning
in children and adolescents.
Four review articles reported evidence concerning depression
(Craft & Landers, 1998; North et al., 1990), which summarized that
physical activity over no intervention seemed to be potentially be-
neficial for reduced depression in children and adolescents. All re-
viewed articles had certain limitations, such as inclusion in inter-
19
twice as in the control group and volumetric bone mineral density
increased by 1.14 + 0.33% per month (p < 0.05) (Bradney et al., 1998).
Physical activity, especially weight-bearing physical activity dur-
ing childhood is a significant predictor of bone mineral density,
while non-weight-bearing activity, such as swimming or cycling
is not (Grimston, Willows, & Hanley, 1993). Longitudinal and in-
terventional studies have shown that increased physical activity in
prepubertal children stimulates bone mineral accrual (Bailey et al.,
1999; McKay et al., 2000; Fuchs, Bauer, & Snow, 2001). Overall, phys-
ical activity is the stimulus for bone structure and has potential to
increase peak bone mass notwithstanding genetics, hormonal and
nutritional influences (Boreham & Riddoch, 2001).
Depression
Evidence from studies demonstrates that physical activity in adults
is inversely associated with depression (North, McCullagh, & Tran,
1990). Kanner (1990) compared the effects of two levels of exer-
cise in childhood and adolescence depression. Subjects were chil-
dren and adolescents (n = 68) between age 8 and 18 from Psychi-
atric Treatment Center in California. Children were randomly di-
vided into two groups; high-level exercise treatment and low ex-
ercise treatment. Both groups demonstrated a better reduction in
depression compared to pre-test but no statistically significant dif-
ferences between groups in depression outcome score. McPhie and
Rawana (2015) examined the influence of physical activity on a tra-
jectory of depression from adolescence through adulthood. They
reported lower levels of depression during mid-adolescence in ad-
olescents with engaging in higher levels of physical activity. Biddle
and Asate (2011) synthesized reviews investigating physical activ-
ity and depression, anxiety, self-esteem and cognitive functioning
in children and adolescents.
Four review articles reported evidence concerning depression
(Craft & Landers, 1998; North et al., 1990), which summarized that
physical activity over no intervention seemed to be potentially be-
neficial for reduced depression in children and adolescents. All re-
viewed articles had certain limitations, such as inclusion in inter-
19
