Page 17 - Sember, Vedrana, and Shawnda A. Morrison. 2018. The Mind-Body Connection. Koper: University of Primorska Press.
P. 17
Health Effects
exercise reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adoles-
cents. After a thorough review of literature, Riddoch (1998) reported
that six studies found no beneficial associations (Al-Hazzaa, Sulai-
man, Al-Matar, & Al-Mobaireek, 1994; de Visser et al., 1994; Dwyer &
Gibbons, 1994; Harrell et al., 1996; Rowland, Mattel, Vanderburgh,
Manos, & Charkoudium, 1996) between physical activity and lipids
and lipoproteins, whereas another six showed a limited association
(Suter & Hawes, 1993; Bistritzer et al., 1995; Craig, Bandini, Licht-
enstein, Schaefer, & Dietz, 1996; Gutin, Cucuzzo, Islam, Smith, &
Stachura, 1996; Twisk, Kemper, Mellenbergh, Van Mechelen, & Post,
1996; Boreham, Twisk, Savage, Cran, & Strain, 1997). 12-year old
boys (n = 1005) from two Moscow districts were divided into ref-
erence group and intervention group participated for three years
in a 3-year intervention study. The intervention group received
counseling for children and their parents on a diet, physical activ-
ity and smoking hazards. Follow up were carried out after 1 and
three years, following baseline measures. Examinations at 1-year
showed greater reduction cholesterol level, triglycerides, systolic
blood pressure in the intervention group (Alexandrov, Maslenikova,
Kulikov, Propirnu, & Perova, 1992). DuBose, McKune, Brophy, Gey-
er, and Hickner (2015) reported lower systolic blood pressure values
related to higher physical activity levels in children (n = 72), aged
9.5 + 1.2 years. Despite the strong links between physical activity
and cardiovascular fitness and coronary heart disease risk in chil-
dren and adolescents, it appears to be mostly mediated by fatness
(Boreham & Riddoch, 2001).
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hyperinsulinemia, low gluc-
ose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity (Brage et
al., 2004). Metabolic syndrome has been present in adults (34.4%),
adolescents (8.6%), and children (5%) (DuBose, Addy, Ainsworth,
Hand, & Durstine, 2005; Ford, Li, & Zhao, 2010; Johnson et al., 2009).
Obese children and adolescents have higher prevalence of meta-
bolic syndrome compared to non-obese peers (Cook, Weitzman,
Auinger, Nguyen, & Dietz, 2003) and obesity may be a primary risk
15
exercise reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adoles-
cents. After a thorough review of literature, Riddoch (1998) reported
that six studies found no beneficial associations (Al-Hazzaa, Sulai-
man, Al-Matar, & Al-Mobaireek, 1994; de Visser et al., 1994; Dwyer &
Gibbons, 1994; Harrell et al., 1996; Rowland, Mattel, Vanderburgh,
Manos, & Charkoudium, 1996) between physical activity and lipids
and lipoproteins, whereas another six showed a limited association
(Suter & Hawes, 1993; Bistritzer et al., 1995; Craig, Bandini, Licht-
enstein, Schaefer, & Dietz, 1996; Gutin, Cucuzzo, Islam, Smith, &
Stachura, 1996; Twisk, Kemper, Mellenbergh, Van Mechelen, & Post,
1996; Boreham, Twisk, Savage, Cran, & Strain, 1997). 12-year old
boys (n = 1005) from two Moscow districts were divided into ref-
erence group and intervention group participated for three years
in a 3-year intervention study. The intervention group received
counseling for children and their parents on a diet, physical activ-
ity and smoking hazards. Follow up were carried out after 1 and
three years, following baseline measures. Examinations at 1-year
showed greater reduction cholesterol level, triglycerides, systolic
blood pressure in the intervention group (Alexandrov, Maslenikova,
Kulikov, Propirnu, & Perova, 1992). DuBose, McKune, Brophy, Gey-
er, and Hickner (2015) reported lower systolic blood pressure values
related to higher physical activity levels in children (n = 72), aged
9.5 + 1.2 years. Despite the strong links between physical activity
and cardiovascular fitness and coronary heart disease risk in chil-
dren and adolescents, it appears to be mostly mediated by fatness
(Boreham & Riddoch, 2001).
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hyperinsulinemia, low gluc-
ose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity (Brage et
al., 2004). Metabolic syndrome has been present in adults (34.4%),
adolescents (8.6%), and children (5%) (DuBose, Addy, Ainsworth,
Hand, & Durstine, 2005; Ford, Li, & Zhao, 2010; Johnson et al., 2009).
Obese children and adolescents have higher prevalence of meta-
bolic syndrome compared to non-obese peers (Cook, Weitzman,
Auinger, Nguyen, & Dietz, 2003) and obesity may be a primary risk
15
