Page 65 - Sember, Vedrana, and Shawnda A. Morrison. 2018. The Mind-Body Connection. Koper: University of Primorska Press.
P. 65
Physical Activity in Numbers
and overweight prevalence of children. The sample included 3416
Iowa children from grades 4, 5 and 6 with main age 10.6 + 0.96.
Data were obtained from the Physical Activity and Nutrition Among
Rural Youth (PANARY) project and level of urbanization was de-
termined by 1993 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), which
distinguish metropolitan counties by size and degree of urbaniza-
tion and proximity to metro areas (Joens-Matre et al., 2008). Phys-
ical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire
for Children-PAQ-C (Joens-Matre et al., 2008) and body mass index
was measured by trained physical education teachers. Prevalence of
overweight was higher among rural children (25%; p < 0.001) than
children from urban areas (19%) and small cities (17%). Urban chil-
dren were the least active overall (Cohen’s d = 0.4).
Proportional Mortality Ratio Study Design. Proportional mortality
ratio studies design is used in occupational epidemiology (Delgado,
Sillero, & Gálvez, 1994) and equals the cause-specific standard-
ized mortality ratio divided by overall proportionate mortality ratio
(Hansen, 1990). These type of studies are limited to death (Stolley &
Lasky, 1995) as an outcome and give us cause-specific information
between exposure categories (Monson, 1974).
Cross-Sectional Study Design. Cross-sectional study design or trans-
versal is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of
a representative data at one specific point in time. Cross-sectional
study is also called prevalence study because one of the main vari-
ables is population prevalence (Woodward, 2013). The advantage of
this study design is low cost and major disadvantage that investig-
ators cannot normally answer the causation of the effect. Robinson
et al. (1993) conducted a cohort study among female adolescents
(n = 971, sixth and seventh-grade) with follow-up assessments 7, 14
and 24 months after baseline, where 671 girls had sufficient data
for baseline cross-sectional analyses. Hours of television watch-
ing, physical activity and stage of sexual maturation were assessed
with self-report instruments; height, weight and triceps skinfold
were measured and body mass index was calculated. Among ad-
olescent girls, television viewing time had weak associations with
63
and overweight prevalence of children. The sample included 3416
Iowa children from grades 4, 5 and 6 with main age 10.6 + 0.96.
Data were obtained from the Physical Activity and Nutrition Among
Rural Youth (PANARY) project and level of urbanization was de-
termined by 1993 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), which
distinguish metropolitan counties by size and degree of urbaniza-
tion and proximity to metro areas (Joens-Matre et al., 2008). Phys-
ical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire
for Children-PAQ-C (Joens-Matre et al., 2008) and body mass index
was measured by trained physical education teachers. Prevalence of
overweight was higher among rural children (25%; p < 0.001) than
children from urban areas (19%) and small cities (17%). Urban chil-
dren were the least active overall (Cohen’s d = 0.4).
Proportional Mortality Ratio Study Design. Proportional mortality
ratio studies design is used in occupational epidemiology (Delgado,
Sillero, & Gálvez, 1994) and equals the cause-specific standard-
ized mortality ratio divided by overall proportionate mortality ratio
(Hansen, 1990). These type of studies are limited to death (Stolley &
Lasky, 1995) as an outcome and give us cause-specific information
between exposure categories (Monson, 1974).
Cross-Sectional Study Design. Cross-sectional study design or trans-
versal is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of
a representative data at one specific point in time. Cross-sectional
study is also called prevalence study because one of the main vari-
ables is population prevalence (Woodward, 2013). The advantage of
this study design is low cost and major disadvantage that investig-
ators cannot normally answer the causation of the effect. Robinson
et al. (1993) conducted a cohort study among female adolescents
(n = 971, sixth and seventh-grade) with follow-up assessments 7, 14
and 24 months after baseline, where 671 girls had sufficient data
for baseline cross-sectional analyses. Hours of television watch-
ing, physical activity and stage of sexual maturation were assessed
with self-report instruments; height, weight and triceps skinfold
were measured and body mass index was calculated. Among ad-
olescent girls, television viewing time had weak associations with
63
