Page 132 - Glasbenopedagoški zbornik Akademije za glasbo, letnik 20, zvezek 40 ◆ The Journal of Music Education of the Academy of Music in Ljubljana, volume 20, issue 40

ly adolescents and members of university choirs. Most studies encompassed
glasbenopedagoški zbornik ◆ letnik/volume 20 ◆ številka/number 40
a wide age range, indicating heterogeneous groups. Consequently, we catego-
rized the samples into predominantly adolescents (n = 4) and predominantly
adults (n = 8).
It is essential to highlight that all 12 studies included choral singers as a fo-
cal group in their research, regardless of other comparison groups mentioned
in the studies. In studies involving adolescents, there was no specific control
group and the participants were mainly university choir members. In stud-
ies involving mainly adults, three studies included a comparison group to as-
sess wellbeing outcomes. The first study (Londsdale & Day, 2020) compared:
(a) choir singers with other leisure activities, (b) solo singers, (c) band mem-
bers, (d) solo instrumentalists, (e) team athletes, and (f) individual athletes.
In the second study (Stewart & Lonsdale, 2016) comparisons were made be-
tween (a) choral singers, (b) solo singers, and (c) team athletes. The third study
(Maltschweiger & Sattmann, 2016) assessed differences between: (a) choirs, (b)
theatre groups, (c) brass band members, and (d) concert listening groups. Some
studies explored gender differences and distinctions between group and indi-
vidual singing, providing a comprehensive examination of choral singing’s im-
pact on wellbeing, depending on the context provided.

Singing Characteristics

The characteristics of singing, specifically frequency (how often individuals en-
gaged in singing), were measured in the selected studies. However, out of the 12
studies, 6 (50%) of them did not provide data regarding the singing frequency.
The remaining 6 studies included individual responses and reported the frequ-
ency of singing engagement: three studies (25%) reported singing once a week
for 2 hours (Clift & Hancox, 2001); one study (8.3%) reported singing three ti-
mes per week for one hour (Acquah, 2016); one study (8.3%) had a randomized
sample and provided various answers: less than an hour per day/several hours
per day (Parker, 2014). Also, one study (Jozić & Butković, 2023) that was in-
cluded in this systematic review gathered data from 221 participants (randomi-
zed sample) and provided data regarding singing frequency: once in two weeks
was the most frequent answer – 104 (47.1%); once a month – 56 (25.3%); once a
week – 41 (18.6%); every day – 14 (6.3%); 2-3 times a week – 6 (2.7%).

Implementation, Characteristics and Strategies

Contextual Components

Analysing the variables measured in the 12 chosen studies, we identified five
distinct dimensions of wellbeing linked to choral singing, as illustrated in Ta-

132