Page 134 - Glasbenopedagoški zbornik Akademije za glasbo, letnik 20, zvezek 40 ◆ The Journal of Music Education of the Academy of Music in Ljubljana, volume 20, issue 40

Study Outcomes
glasbenopedagoški zbornik ◆ letnik/volume 20 ◆ številka/number 40

Summary of outcomes (Page 143), including: author and year, study design,
data collection and key findings – shows outcome of each study.
Outcomes were summarized in 6 quantitative studies (50%), 5 mixed
method studies (41.6%) and 1 qualitative study (8.3%). Aspects of the outcomes
included: life satisfaction (SWL), quality of life (QoL), and physical, emotion-
al, cognitive, psychological and social benefits.

Instruments

Instruments that were used for assessing wellbeing and collecting the data
varied in all of the 12 reviewed studies. Three (25%) studies did not explicit-
ly provide information on which type of questionnaires and scales were used.
The remaining 9 studies used various instruments to measure wellbeing. Most
studies used multiple research instruments to measure specific wellbeing. Out-
comes and data collection are presented in Table 3.
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS, n = 3) was employed
in three studies (Good & Russo, 2021; Jozić & Butković, 2023; Maltschweiger
& Sattmann, 2016) to assess emotional wellbeing. One of them additionally in-
cluded saliva samples (Good & Russo, 2021). The Satisfaction With Life Scale
(SWLS, n = 2) was measured in two studies (Jozić & Butković, 2023; Lons-
dale & Day, 2020) to assess cognitive wellbeing. The World Health Organiza-
tion Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF, n = 2) was employed in
two studies (Clift et al., 2010; Livesey et al., 2012), measuring physical, psycho-
logical and social wellbeing. Hedonic wellbeing (ExWB, n = 2) and the Multi-
dimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ, n = 2) were used in two studies
(Londsdale & Day, 2020; Stewart & Londsdale, 2016) to assess emotional well-
being. Subjective stress assessed using a single-item approach (SLS-1, n = 1) and
subscale Perceived Available Support (PAS) from the Berlin Social Support
Scale (BSSS, n = 1) were used in one study (Linnemann et al., 2017) to measure
emotional, psychological and social wellbeing. The Mental Health Continuum–
Short Form (MHC-SF), Need Satisfaction at Work Scale (NSa-WS), the Ox-
ford Happiness Questionnaire–Short Form (OHQ-SF), the four-item Patient
Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES),
and 10-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) were measured in one study (Londs-
dale & Day, 2020) to assess emotional and psychological wellbeing. The Brief
Emotional Experiences Scale (BEES) was employed in one study (Clift et al.,
2010), providing insights into the emotional wellbeing related to choral singing.
The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), Self-regula-
tion scale (SRQ-E), and Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS) were used in one study
(Stewart & Lonsdale, 2016) to measure emotional and psychological wellbeing.
The Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inven-

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