Page 66 - Petelin, Ana, Nejc Šarabon, Boštjan Žvanut, eds. 2017. Zdravje delovno aktivne populacije ▪︎ Health of the Working-Age Population. Proceedings. Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem/University of Primorska Press
P. 66
avje delovno aktivne populacije | health of the working-age population 64 ulating the same reward circuits in the brain as drugs do (Volkow et al., 2012)
should be counterweighed with a diet, protective of general and neurological
health.
Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used with refractory epilepsy in children
(Erickson et al., 2017) since 1920’s. Most energy in a KD comes from fat with
moderate protein intake and minimal carbs intake – one of the strictest ratios
being 90 : 2 : 8 (Oliveira et al., 2017). Most common rule implies 20 to 50 grams
of carbs daily (Noakes et al., 2017). This induces ketosis: the liver starts produc-
ing ketone bodies (KB) as a metabolite of fats, glucose levels settle down and its
concentration normalizes; insulin levels decrease, plasma pH decreases slight-
ly as well (Oliveira et al., 2017). KB become the predominant source of energy
for central nervous system (Paoli et al., 2014), musculoskeletal system and the
heart (Barbanti et al., 2017). KD surpasses the benefits of high carbohydrate di-
ets (Chang et al., 2017), for example in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
(Bazzano et al., 2015), AD and multiple sclerosis (Erickson et al., 2017). It’s effi-
cient for weight loss (Yancy et al., 2010, Bueno et al., 2013), appetite regulation,
glycaemic control (Volek et al., 2009), stabilisation of hyperinsulinemia, im-
proving insulin sensitivity and normalizing blood lipid profiles (Chang et al.,
2017, Noakes et al., 2017, Oliveira et al., 2017). KD has been studied as adjuvant
therapy in brain neoplasms. In animal models, KD prolongs survival by anti-
oxidant properties and by supressing the tumour growth factors genes (Scheck
et al., 2012).
Genesis, transport and oxidation of beta hydroxybutyrate (BoHB), one of
the most important endogenous KB, are well understood, exact mechanisms
however not (Maalouf et al., 2009, McCarty et al., 2015). As direct and indirect
histone deacetylase inhibitor, BoHB has epigenetic function (Newman et al.,
2014). BoHB also directly inhibits the NLRP3 protein, the main motor of in-
flammatory response in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, diabetes
type 2, AD and atherosclerosis (Youm et al., 2015).
In this paper we focus on KD as a means of protection for the nervous
system and its potential within the realm of mental, cognitive and memory
processes.
Methods
Primary literature for this narrative attempt at a systematic review search was
Medline / Pubmed database. A string of keywords using MESH, [tiab] descrip-
tor and Boole operators AND, OR and NOT with publication date criteria (2007
and on) and human studies were used. The search string: (ketogenic diet[mesh]
OR (ketogenic [tiab] AND diet [tiab]) OR diet carbohydrate restricted [mesh]
OR (carbohydrate [tiab] AND restricted [tiab]) OR ketone bodies [mesh] OR
(ketone [tiab] AND bodies [tiab]) OR 3-hydroxybutyric acid [mesh] OR beta
Hydroxybutyrate [tiab]) AND ((neuroprotection [mesh] OR neuroprotection
[tiab] OR neuroprotective [tiab]) OR (cognition [mesh] OR cognition [tiab] OR
should be counterweighed with a diet, protective of general and neurological
health.
Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used with refractory epilepsy in children
(Erickson et al., 2017) since 1920’s. Most energy in a KD comes from fat with
moderate protein intake and minimal carbs intake – one of the strictest ratios
being 90 : 2 : 8 (Oliveira et al., 2017). Most common rule implies 20 to 50 grams
of carbs daily (Noakes et al., 2017). This induces ketosis: the liver starts produc-
ing ketone bodies (KB) as a metabolite of fats, glucose levels settle down and its
concentration normalizes; insulin levels decrease, plasma pH decreases slight-
ly as well (Oliveira et al., 2017). KB become the predominant source of energy
for central nervous system (Paoli et al., 2014), musculoskeletal system and the
heart (Barbanti et al., 2017). KD surpasses the benefits of high carbohydrate di-
ets (Chang et al., 2017), for example in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
(Bazzano et al., 2015), AD and multiple sclerosis (Erickson et al., 2017). It’s effi-
cient for weight loss (Yancy et al., 2010, Bueno et al., 2013), appetite regulation,
glycaemic control (Volek et al., 2009), stabilisation of hyperinsulinemia, im-
proving insulin sensitivity and normalizing blood lipid profiles (Chang et al.,
2017, Noakes et al., 2017, Oliveira et al., 2017). KD has been studied as adjuvant
therapy in brain neoplasms. In animal models, KD prolongs survival by anti-
oxidant properties and by supressing the tumour growth factors genes (Scheck
et al., 2012).
Genesis, transport and oxidation of beta hydroxybutyrate (BoHB), one of
the most important endogenous KB, are well understood, exact mechanisms
however not (Maalouf et al., 2009, McCarty et al., 2015). As direct and indirect
histone deacetylase inhibitor, BoHB has epigenetic function (Newman et al.,
2014). BoHB also directly inhibits the NLRP3 protein, the main motor of in-
flammatory response in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, diabetes
type 2, AD and atherosclerosis (Youm et al., 2015).
In this paper we focus on KD as a means of protection for the nervous
system and its potential within the realm of mental, cognitive and memory
processes.
Methods
Primary literature for this narrative attempt at a systematic review search was
Medline / Pubmed database. A string of keywords using MESH, [tiab] descrip-
tor and Boole operators AND, OR and NOT with publication date criteria (2007
and on) and human studies were used. The search string: (ketogenic diet[mesh]
OR (ketogenic [tiab] AND diet [tiab]) OR diet carbohydrate restricted [mesh]
OR (carbohydrate [tiab] AND restricted [tiab]) OR ketone bodies [mesh] OR
(ketone [tiab] AND bodies [tiab]) OR 3-hydroxybutyric acid [mesh] OR beta
Hydroxybutyrate [tiab]) AND ((neuroprotection [mesh] OR neuroprotection
[tiab] OR neuroprotective [tiab]) OR (cognition [mesh] OR cognition [tiab] OR
