Page 132 - Hojnik, Jana. 2017. In Persuit of Eco-innovation. Drivers and Consequences of Eco-innovation at Firm Level. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 132
In Pursuit of Eco-innovation
Table 16: Items for latent variable of Firm performance (growth and profitability)
Measurement variable Source
ROA (return on assets) GVIN database, secondary data
ROE (return on equity) GVIN database, secondary data
ROS (return on sales) GVIN database, secondary data
Number of employees – growth through 2 business years GVIN database, secondary data
Net sales – growth through 2 business years GVIN database, secondary data
We also measured economic performance (Table 17) using self-re-
ported measures. We used nine items, following Wagner (2011). Re-
spondents were asked what effects their environmental practices have had
on: (1) sales, (2) market share, (3) new market opportunities, (4) corporate
132 image, (5) management satisfaction, (6) employee satisfaction, (7) short-
term profits, (8) cost savings and (9) productivity (we used a 7-point scale,
anchored by ‘substantial negative effect’ and ‘substantial positive effect’).
Table 17: Items for latent variable of Economic performance
Measurement variable Source
Sales Wagner (2011)
Market share Wagner (2011)
New market opportunities Wagner (2011)
Corporate image Wagner (2011)
Management satisfaction Wagner (2011)
Employee satisfaction Wagner (2011)
Short-term profits Wagner (2011)
Cost savings Wagner (2011)
Productivity Wagner (2011)
Twelve items, following Sharma and Vredenburg (1998), measured
competitive benefits (see Table 18). The respondents were asked to indi-
cate the extent to which the company’s environmental practices have led
to a variety of competitive benefits (1 = no contribution, 7 = very large
contribution).
Table 16: Items for latent variable of Firm performance (growth and profitability)
Measurement variable Source
ROA (return on assets) GVIN database, secondary data
ROE (return on equity) GVIN database, secondary data
ROS (return on sales) GVIN database, secondary data
Number of employees – growth through 2 business years GVIN database, secondary data
Net sales – growth through 2 business years GVIN database, secondary data
We also measured economic performance (Table 17) using self-re-
ported measures. We used nine items, following Wagner (2011). Re-
spondents were asked what effects their environmental practices have had
on: (1) sales, (2) market share, (3) new market opportunities, (4) corporate
132 image, (5) management satisfaction, (6) employee satisfaction, (7) short-
term profits, (8) cost savings and (9) productivity (we used a 7-point scale,
anchored by ‘substantial negative effect’ and ‘substantial positive effect’).
Table 17: Items for latent variable of Economic performance
Measurement variable Source
Sales Wagner (2011)
Market share Wagner (2011)
New market opportunities Wagner (2011)
Corporate image Wagner (2011)
Management satisfaction Wagner (2011)
Employee satisfaction Wagner (2011)
Short-term profits Wagner (2011)
Cost savings Wagner (2011)
Productivity Wagner (2011)
Twelve items, following Sharma and Vredenburg (1998), measured
competitive benefits (see Table 18). The respondents were asked to indi-
cate the extent to which the company’s environmental practices have led
to a variety of competitive benefits (1 = no contribution, 7 = very large
contribution).
