Page 423 - Panjek, Aleksander, Jesper Larsson and Luca Mocarelli, eds. 2017. Integrated Peasant Economy in a Comparative Perspective: Alps, Scandinavia and Beyond. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 423
pluriactivity, part-time farming, farm diversification ...
farming. It is more likely that the decline in the role of part-time farming
has resulted in a reduction of the role of small-sized and particularly medi-
um-sized family farms and the expansion of land renting market activities
and increased land use by bigger family farms (Bojnec and Latruffe 2013).
3. Farm employment and income diversification
Different studies investigated farm diversification with on- and off-farm
employment and income diversification. Reardon, Berdegué, and Escobar
(2001) provide an overview of rural economies. The focus is on non-farm
employment and income diversification in Latin American countries. Ju-
vančič and Erjavec (2005) analysed employment decisions on agricultural
holdings in Slovenia. Davis et al. (2010) provide a comprehensive analysis
on a cross-country comparison of rural income generating activities for se-
lected Eastern European (Albania and Bulgaria), African, Latin American,
and Asian countries. Nienaber and Potočnik Slavič (2013) investigated the
issue of farm diversification through various forms of on- and off-farm in-
come diversification as an instrument of multi-functionality of rural areas
in Slovenia and the Saarland region in Germany.
Agricultural and rural development subsidies have become an import-
ant source of income for agricultural holdings. Income diversification of
farm households and their dependence on agricultural and rural develop-
ment policy reforms have been identified in different countries, for exam-
ple for tenant farmers in England (Maye, Ilbery, and Watts 2009). In addi-
tion to agricultural and rural development subsidies, this can be also other
government transfers for the development of remote and peripheral areas
such as from the EU cohesion and structural funds.
The geospatial technologies characterise ‘marginal land’ as based on
predominantly less favourable biophysical features. This handicapped mar-
ginal area is often characterised as less or ‘non-competitive’ for the pur-
pose of commercial agriculture. However, this area can be used for differ-
ent other purposes, such as for bioenergy crops, which can be subsidised
by government policies (Nalepa and Bauer 2012). In Slovenia, this remote
marginal land is extendedly covered by forests, widespread meadows and
pastures. The latter two are in a great extent included in the agri-environ-
mental programme and measures (Unay Gailhard and Bojnec 2016). There-
fore, a body of literature has developed on farm diversification focusing on
hilly and mountainous areas, where agricultural and rural development
subsidies are particularly important in the structure of incomes of agricul-
421
farming. It is more likely that the decline in the role of part-time farming
has resulted in a reduction of the role of small-sized and particularly medi-
um-sized family farms and the expansion of land renting market activities
and increased land use by bigger family farms (Bojnec and Latruffe 2013).
3. Farm employment and income diversification
Different studies investigated farm diversification with on- and off-farm
employment and income diversification. Reardon, Berdegué, and Escobar
(2001) provide an overview of rural economies. The focus is on non-farm
employment and income diversification in Latin American countries. Ju-
vančič and Erjavec (2005) analysed employment decisions on agricultural
holdings in Slovenia. Davis et al. (2010) provide a comprehensive analysis
on a cross-country comparison of rural income generating activities for se-
lected Eastern European (Albania and Bulgaria), African, Latin American,
and Asian countries. Nienaber and Potočnik Slavič (2013) investigated the
issue of farm diversification through various forms of on- and off-farm in-
come diversification as an instrument of multi-functionality of rural areas
in Slovenia and the Saarland region in Germany.
Agricultural and rural development subsidies have become an import-
ant source of income for agricultural holdings. Income diversification of
farm households and their dependence on agricultural and rural develop-
ment policy reforms have been identified in different countries, for exam-
ple for tenant farmers in England (Maye, Ilbery, and Watts 2009). In addi-
tion to agricultural and rural development subsidies, this can be also other
government transfers for the development of remote and peripheral areas
such as from the EU cohesion and structural funds.
The geospatial technologies characterise ‘marginal land’ as based on
predominantly less favourable biophysical features. This handicapped mar-
ginal area is often characterised as less or ‘non-competitive’ for the pur-
pose of commercial agriculture. However, this area can be used for differ-
ent other purposes, such as for bioenergy crops, which can be subsidised
by government policies (Nalepa and Bauer 2012). In Slovenia, this remote
marginal land is extendedly covered by forests, widespread meadows and
pastures. The latter two are in a great extent included in the agri-environ-
mental programme and measures (Unay Gailhard and Bojnec 2016). There-
fore, a body of literature has developed on farm diversification focusing on
hilly and mountainous areas, where agricultural and rural development
subsidies are particularly important in the structure of incomes of agricul-
421
