Page 427 - Panjek, Aleksander, Jesper Larsson and Luca Mocarelli, eds. 2017. Integrated Peasant Economy in a Comparative Perspective: Alps, Scandinavia and Beyond. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 427
pluriactivity, part-time farming, farm diversification ...
und the world. Various forms of livelihood diversification strategies such
as pluriactivity, development of alternative markets and integrated rural
economy indicate the emergence of a variety of new forms of employment
and income activities, which can be important for resistance and survival
opportunities of rural families. They can be based on a wide and rather he-
terogeneous set of farming and off-farming employment and income ge-
neration practices. While family farming can provide autonomy, it might
not necessarily be enough for farm family households’ survival as a reason
for diversification of employment and income strategies (Knific and Boj-
nec 2015a).
Kovačič (1996, 19–22) developed and applied the stratums of socio-eco-
nomic types of agricultural holdings in Slovenia by socio-economic types:
pure farms, mixed farms, supplementary farms, and farms in abandon-
ment. This socio-economic agricultural holdings typology has later been
applied and further developed by more recent researches.
Erjavec et al. (2002) studied labour adjustment and income diversifica-
tion in rural households in two – Pomurska and Gorenjska – regions in Slo-
venia. Möllers (2006) analysed and compared agricultural household em-
ployment and income diversification with strategies of rural households
in Slovenia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Möllers,
Fritzsch, and Buchenrieder (2008) investigated farm and off-farm em-
ployment and incomes of rural households in Slovenia. They found that
the socio-economic characteristics of rural households had an influence
on their farm and off-farm incomes. Rural households’ income diversifi-
cation towards off-farm employment and incomes is determined by so-
called, distress-push factors with insufficient farm incomes for rural house-
hold survival. In addition, agricultural household labour size pushes rural
households into off-farm employment and income diversification in a posi-
tive way: a greater agricultural household size, a greater probability for off-
farm employment and incomes. However, labour flows out of farm employ-
ment depend on education, which is consistent with the previous findings
by Bojnec and Dries (2005).
Möllers et al. (2009) analysed and compared structural changes in ru-
ral households in Croatia and Slovenia for the samples of rural (agricultur-
al) households. The main focus has been on socio-economic structures of
rural households, focusing on labour allocation and income structures as
well as on household strategies and changes in rural livelihoods. Farming
objectives and strategies can differ also due to farm location, being closer
425
und the world. Various forms of livelihood diversification strategies such
as pluriactivity, development of alternative markets and integrated rural
economy indicate the emergence of a variety of new forms of employment
and income activities, which can be important for resistance and survival
opportunities of rural families. They can be based on a wide and rather he-
terogeneous set of farming and off-farming employment and income ge-
neration practices. While family farming can provide autonomy, it might
not necessarily be enough for farm family households’ survival as a reason
for diversification of employment and income strategies (Knific and Boj-
nec 2015a).
Kovačič (1996, 19–22) developed and applied the stratums of socio-eco-
nomic types of agricultural holdings in Slovenia by socio-economic types:
pure farms, mixed farms, supplementary farms, and farms in abandon-
ment. This socio-economic agricultural holdings typology has later been
applied and further developed by more recent researches.
Erjavec et al. (2002) studied labour adjustment and income diversifica-
tion in rural households in two – Pomurska and Gorenjska – regions in Slo-
venia. Möllers (2006) analysed and compared agricultural household em-
ployment and income diversification with strategies of rural households
in Slovenia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Möllers,
Fritzsch, and Buchenrieder (2008) investigated farm and off-farm em-
ployment and incomes of rural households in Slovenia. They found that
the socio-economic characteristics of rural households had an influence
on their farm and off-farm incomes. Rural households’ income diversifi-
cation towards off-farm employment and incomes is determined by so-
called, distress-push factors with insufficient farm incomes for rural house-
hold survival. In addition, agricultural household labour size pushes rural
households into off-farm employment and income diversification in a posi-
tive way: a greater agricultural household size, a greater probability for off-
farm employment and incomes. However, labour flows out of farm employ-
ment depend on education, which is consistent with the previous findings
by Bojnec and Dries (2005).
Möllers et al. (2009) analysed and compared structural changes in ru-
ral households in Croatia and Slovenia for the samples of rural (agricultur-
al) households. The main focus has been on socio-economic structures of
rural households, focusing on labour allocation and income structures as
well as on household strategies and changes in rural livelihoods. Farming
objectives and strategies can differ also due to farm location, being closer
425
