Page 424 - Panjek, Aleksander, Jesper Larsson and Luca Mocarelli, eds. 2017. Integrated Peasant Economy in a Comparative Perspective: Alps, Scandinavia and Beyond. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 424
integr ated peasant economy in a compar ative perspective
tural holdings. For example, López-i-Gelats, Milán, and Bartolomé (2011)
focus on farm diversification in the Pyrenees mountains area, whilst Knif-
ic and Bojnec (2015a; 2015b) focus on agricultural holdings in hilly-moun-
tain areas in the Škofjeloška rural areas in Slovenia. They found changes in
income diversification with non-agricultural employment and off-farm in-
comes of agricultural holdings before and after the Slovenian accession to
the EU. Off-farm incomes are found necessary for the survival of the ma-
jority of agricultural and rural holdings. Some differences in the income
diversification of agricultural holdings are found between areas with differ-
ent degrees of limited natural conditions, as important for commercial ag-
ricultural production and socio-economic types of agricultural holdings.
4. Integrated and inclusive rural development
Peasant household families have aimed to survive combining subsistan-
ce farming with other employment and income generating activities insi-
de and outside of agricultural holding. The subsistence farming has pro-
duced food for consumption at the agricultural holding, while non-farm
employment and off-farm incomes have provided cash flows into the pea-
sant farm, needed for purchases of inputs and other goods, for paying taxes
and for any other expenses needed for the surival of peasant farm family
members. As argued by Panjek (2011) cash or money inflows into peasant
farms were recorded in Early Modern western Slovenia. In addition, Pa-
njek (2015) on the basis of historical facts, evolution of peasant farming and
activities of peasant family farm members aims to develop the institutio-
nal framework and concept of integrated peasant economy in the context
of Early Modern Slovenia.
Recent literature on rural development explains multifunctional and
synergistic function of agricultural households in combination with oth-
er sources of employment and income. Employment and income diversifi-
cation of rural households can be driven by different determinants such as
higher returns to labour and/or capital in non-farm economy as well as by
risks pertaining to farm input and agri-food output market imperfections.
Literature provides mixed evidence on a positive association between
non-farm income and farm performance. Non-farm incomes can be in-
vested into farm and/or off-farm employment and income generating ac-
tivities. Among various explanatory variables, subsidies can play acrucial
role among agricultural household income, in addition to non-farm in-
422
tural holdings. For example, López-i-Gelats, Milán, and Bartolomé (2011)
focus on farm diversification in the Pyrenees mountains area, whilst Knif-
ic and Bojnec (2015a; 2015b) focus on agricultural holdings in hilly-moun-
tain areas in the Škofjeloška rural areas in Slovenia. They found changes in
income diversification with non-agricultural employment and off-farm in-
comes of agricultural holdings before and after the Slovenian accession to
the EU. Off-farm incomes are found necessary for the survival of the ma-
jority of agricultural and rural holdings. Some differences in the income
diversification of agricultural holdings are found between areas with differ-
ent degrees of limited natural conditions, as important for commercial ag-
ricultural production and socio-economic types of agricultural holdings.
4. Integrated and inclusive rural development
Peasant household families have aimed to survive combining subsistan-
ce farming with other employment and income generating activities insi-
de and outside of agricultural holding. The subsistence farming has pro-
duced food for consumption at the agricultural holding, while non-farm
employment and off-farm incomes have provided cash flows into the pea-
sant farm, needed for purchases of inputs and other goods, for paying taxes
and for any other expenses needed for the surival of peasant farm family
members. As argued by Panjek (2011) cash or money inflows into peasant
farms were recorded in Early Modern western Slovenia. In addition, Pa-
njek (2015) on the basis of historical facts, evolution of peasant farming and
activities of peasant family farm members aims to develop the institutio-
nal framework and concept of integrated peasant economy in the context
of Early Modern Slovenia.
Recent literature on rural development explains multifunctional and
synergistic function of agricultural households in combination with oth-
er sources of employment and income. Employment and income diversifi-
cation of rural households can be driven by different determinants such as
higher returns to labour and/or capital in non-farm economy as well as by
risks pertaining to farm input and agri-food output market imperfections.
Literature provides mixed evidence on a positive association between
non-farm income and farm performance. Non-farm incomes can be in-
vested into farm and/or off-farm employment and income generating ac-
tivities. Among various explanatory variables, subsidies can play acrucial
role among agricultural household income, in addition to non-farm in-
422
