Page 425 - Panjek, Aleksander, Jesper Larsson and Luca Mocarelli, eds. 2017. Integrated Peasant Economy in a Comparative Perspective: Alps, Scandinavia and Beyond. Koper: University of Primorska Press
P. 425
pluriactivity, part-time farming, farm diversification ...
come. Both the government support and non-farm income influences farm
efficiency (Bojnec and Fertő 2013).
Multifunctionality has become an agricultural and rural development
policy and political paradigm in agricultural and rural development. Its
meaning is widely different in debates of the multifunctionality of agricul-
ture and rural development (Losch 2004). Among them are different out-
puts such as cultural and historic heritage values, environmental quality,
landscape, biodiversity and long-term sustainable rural development. The
policy implications from multifunctionality also differ vastly between coun-
tries. They can be related to demands for policy and measures related to
agricultural support and protection, which has been rather high in some
European and Asian countries. Relatively high levels of support and state
transfers for covering positive externalities of the agricultural sector in ru-
ral areas are firm proponents of the multifunctional roles of agriculture in
maintaing sustainable agriculture and rural development considering eco-
nomic, social and environmental objectives in the long-term development.
The increased society and policy makers awareness of the farmers’ role
and other rural local players in the maintenance of rural landscapes may
contribute to a reassessment of the place of agriculture and the rural econ-
omy in society. Moreover, different aspects of multifunctional agriculture
and possible spill-over effects have been developed in an integrated and in-
clusive rural development. This role is often defined in relation to landscape
and valued by rural economy such as rural tourism in a response to a soci-
etal demand in multifunctional agricultural and rural development and the
multifunctionality effects of agriculture in an integrated long-term sustain-
able agricultural and inclusive rural development.
5. Diversification of employment and incomes of agricultural
holdings and rural families
While there are differences between development processes and structural
changes in the diversification of agricultural holdings, rural families have
diversified jobs, activities and incomes in developed and developing cou-
ntries. Hill et al. (2005) for the United Kingdom presented that there is no
substantial difference in the structures of employment and incomes by eco-
nomic activities between rural and urban areas.
Diversification of incomes in rural families has become a reality in de-
veloped and developing countries. For example, agriculture in transition
423
come. Both the government support and non-farm income influences farm
efficiency (Bojnec and Fertő 2013).
Multifunctionality has become an agricultural and rural development
policy and political paradigm in agricultural and rural development. Its
meaning is widely different in debates of the multifunctionality of agricul-
ture and rural development (Losch 2004). Among them are different out-
puts such as cultural and historic heritage values, environmental quality,
landscape, biodiversity and long-term sustainable rural development. The
policy implications from multifunctionality also differ vastly between coun-
tries. They can be related to demands for policy and measures related to
agricultural support and protection, which has been rather high in some
European and Asian countries. Relatively high levels of support and state
transfers for covering positive externalities of the agricultural sector in ru-
ral areas are firm proponents of the multifunctional roles of agriculture in
maintaing sustainable agriculture and rural development considering eco-
nomic, social and environmental objectives in the long-term development.
The increased society and policy makers awareness of the farmers’ role
and other rural local players in the maintenance of rural landscapes may
contribute to a reassessment of the place of agriculture and the rural econ-
omy in society. Moreover, different aspects of multifunctional agriculture
and possible spill-over effects have been developed in an integrated and in-
clusive rural development. This role is often defined in relation to landscape
and valued by rural economy such as rural tourism in a response to a soci-
etal demand in multifunctional agricultural and rural development and the
multifunctionality effects of agriculture in an integrated long-term sustain-
able agricultural and inclusive rural development.
5. Diversification of employment and incomes of agricultural
holdings and rural families
While there are differences between development processes and structural
changes in the diversification of agricultural holdings, rural families have
diversified jobs, activities and incomes in developed and developing cou-
ntries. Hill et al. (2005) for the United Kingdom presented that there is no
substantial difference in the structures of employment and incomes by eco-
nomic activities between rural and urban areas.
Diversification of incomes in rural families has become a reality in de-
veloped and developing countries. For example, agriculture in transition
423
